Marketing  means  all the various activities involved in transferring goods and services from producers to consumers. In addition to the functions usually associated with marketing, such as sales promotion, advertising product development, packaging,  pricing, and distribution channels.

Internet marketing, also known as digital marketing, online marketing, web marketing, (search marketing) also known as e-marketing, is the marketing or promotion  of products or services over the Internet.  Internet marketing is taken as broad in scope because it just not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing through e-mail and wireless media.

Internet marketing connects the creative and technical aspects of the Internet, it includes advertising design, development,  and sales.  Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, email marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. (more…)

Islamic Republic of  Pakistan was established in 1947, a country of 170 million people, full of natural resources and more than 60 years of independence but still not respected in the world community. In less than 30 years of independence, it’s one wing gets separated (Bangladesh). Remaining part till today is living on IMF, World Bank and foreign donations. Majority of the population is living in rural areas without basic necessities of life. It is a country where financial gap between rich and poor is widening day by day. From the last 10 years, extremism is increasing. What ever happens in the world it is almost understood even before investigations that it will have a link with Pakistan. Almost every kind of problem exists in Pakistan, including electricity load-shedding, bad economy, less educational facilities, less hospitals, inflation and no pure water in many parts. These problems exist in Pakistan right from its independence which as mentioned above was more than sixty years ago.

Despite it being rich on raw resources thus far Pakistan is a developing country with limited development in every era due to the problems it faces. In the following text we will shed some light on some of the major problems faced today by Pakistan as a country.

1. POVERTY:

According to an analysis conducted by the government of Pakistan and published at hec. Gov .pk(the higher education commission of Pakistan) shows that the poverty has increased roughly from 30% to 40% during the past decade. Consider that if 40%of a country’s population is earning their life below the poverty-line in which the people are deprived of basic necessities of life such as clothing, shelter,food, education and medication, such families and their children will be forced to think of their survival only.

2. ILLITERACY :

Literacy is defined as persons aged 15 or above who can “read” and “write”.According to this definition, Pakistanis officially reported to have 50% literacy rate. Which means half of its population is illiterate. With such family backgrounds, inflation, poverty and child labor this rate is expected to increase in future. Even for those who are termed as “Literate” are only able to read and write, which in today’s technology oriented world is still considered as illiteracy. Majority of the people forming the top controlling tier is almost unaware of technologies and technical mindset. Thus, causing the country to adopt the new technologies at a snail’s speed.

3.  Energy Crisis:

Electricity is the major Problem Pakistan facing today. Electricity in Pakistan is generated, transmitted, distributed and retail supplied by two vertically integrated public sector utilities: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) for all of Pakistan (except Karachi), and the Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC) for the City of Karachi and its surrounding areas. There are around 16 independent power producers that contributes significantly in electricity generation in Pakistan.

For years, the matter of balancing Pakistan’s supply against the demand for electricity has remained a largely unresolved matter. Pakistan faces a significant challenge in revamping its network responsible for the supply of electricity.

Contrary to Pakistani government and expatriate claims, Pakistan suffers from a massive electricity shortage. Electricity generation in Pakistan has shrunk by 50% in recent years due to an overreliance on hydroelectric power. In 2008, availability of power in Pakistan falls short of the population’s needs by 15% Pakistan was hit by its worst power crisis in 2007, after the assassination of Benazir Bhutto and the following riots. Production fell by 6000 Megawatts and massive blackouts followed suit. The blame was laid on the then president, Pervez Musharraf, and was instrumental in his defeat.  Load Shedding (deliberate blackouts) and power blackouts have become severe in Pakistan in recent years.  The main problem with Pakistan’s poor power generation is rising political instability, together with rising demands for power and lack of efficiency.

Installed capacity
	Electricity - total installed capacity: 19,505 MW (2007)[12]

• Electricity – Sources (2007)
• fossil fuel – 12,580 MW – 65% of total
• hydro – 6,463 MW – 33% of total
• nuclear – 462 MW – 2% of total

Electricity production

• Electricity – production: 88.42 TWh (2005)
• Electricity – production by source (2003)
• fossil fuel: 63.7% of total
• hydro: 33.9% of total
• nuclear: 2.4% of total

4.  Corruption and Political Instability 

Pakistan is suffering from a fatal problem known as “Establishment”. Every vital department in Pakistan is controlled by the so called “Establishment”. Establishment is a network of key positions in almost all the departments in the country. This network provides support and safe backing to their “touts” to ensure that they remain in control. The roots of this establishment may very well be deep inside underworld and secret agencies of the dominating nations.

It is interesting to note that due to the international interference and manipulation the very same people that we label as corrupt just sometime ago, blame and rebuke, come back to govern us after a couple of years again and people welcome them with open arms. A common English saying goes as “fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me”.

This is probably also the main reason why the political process in Pakistan is not let to prosper. Soon after its inception the sincere and loyal politicians were removed from the main stream and only dummy agents and rubber stamps are put in place, while all the decisions are made outside the country.

5. INTERNATIONAL INTERFERENCE

India is typically termed as a conventional enemy to Pakistan. As mentioned before the people of Pakistan need to be trained to think positively about their surroundings. We should learn a lesson from US and Canada’s cross border collaboration to improve their affairs and provide backing, why can’t Pakistan and India enter into such strengthening relationship?

Pakistan can never move forward with its proxy war politics with India and its involvement in the so-called US War on terrorism. It has to strike peace with India and other neighboring countries soon so that it can use its resources for its own people’s welfare and focus on its collective objectives.

Pakistan has more potential to be a developed country earlier than India. It has the resources and talent.yet it seems to sink lower by the day. India with a billion plus population has a million problems to handle. Yet the focus of India has been right and it shows in its 8% economic growth. Its time Pakistan learns this lesson and corrects its focus.

6. Terrorism:

Terrorism in Pakistan has become a major and highly destructive phenomenon in recent years.  The whole world looks at Pakistan,as a land of terrorists. Main reason being an exploitation through the religious leaders and reaction of the military operations both internally as well as externally.

The post-9/11 War on Terrorism in Pakistan has had two principal elements: the government’s battle with jihad groups banned after the attacks in New York, and the U.S. pursuit of Al-Qaeda, usually (but not always) in co-operation with Pakistani forces.

In 2004, the Pakistani army launched a pursuit of Al-Qaeda members in the mountainous area of Waziristan on the Afghan border, although sceptics question the sincerity of this pursuit. Clashes there erupted into a low-level conflict with Islamic militants and local tribesmen, sparking the Waziristan War. A short-lived truce known as the Waziristan accord was brokered in September 2006, which indicated Pakistan’s reluctance to fight Islamic militia. Terrorist attacks staged in Pakistan have killed over 35,000 people, 5,000 of which are law enforcement personnel, and caused material damage to the Pakistani economy totalling $67 billion.

8. Overpopulation, Inflation, Unemployment 

According to official news Pakistani   has an estimated 2% growth rate which for a country of official population of 160 Million turns out to be roughly around3.2 Million every year. This alarming growth rate is causing immense pressure on head of the families who are to support them.

Given that about 40% of the population is already living under poverty line and 5.6% (official figures) of the population is unemployed, the ever growing population of Pakistan is just adding to the problems of the already under pressure nation.

9. Economy Crisis:

In 1947, Pakistan had 30 million people with per capita income of  100$. Agriculture accounted for almost 50% of economic output with hardly any manufacturing, as all industries were located in India. Therefore, it was unable to feed 30 million people and was dependent on PL-480 imports from the USA. From thereon, Pakistan has come a long way.

Today with 170 million people, our per capita income in 2008 was 1000$ which was ten  times more.  Out of every hundred rupees of our  national income, we consume 85 rupees and save only 15 rupees, which means   that the amount of money which is available to invest for economic growth and  advancement is too little. Because to grow by 6%, you need at least 24-25%  investment rate.  In 1990, Pakistan’s share was   0.2% of the world trade. After 20 years it has come down to 0.12% in a very  buoyant world economy.

10. Health Issues:

Pakistan is facing a health crisis with rising rates of heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which disproportionately affect poor families, with possible side effects of disability and premature death, and worsening poverty as people pay for medical treatment out of their own pockets.

the World Health Organization (WHO) reported 4 million cases of diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and skin conditions that had largely resulted from the flood conditions. Cholera outbreaks have also been reported from flood-affected areas. From Oct. 15 to 22, WHO reported about 258,000 consultations for pneumonia, diarrhea, and suspected malaria. Furthermore, dreaded diseases such as dengue and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fevers have been reported from the field, along with measles encephalitis and neonatal tetanus

Yousuf Raza Gilani was speaking during high-level talks aimed at preventing a mass health crisis. The UN says more than 17 million people have been affected by the floods, with about 1.2 million homes destroyed.

 

 

Nouns:

Definition

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing.

Examples:
Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading.

Example sentences:

• People like to go to the beach.

• Emma passed the test.

• My parents are traveling to Japan next month.

The word “noun” comes from the Latin word nomen which means “name,” and nouns are indeed how we name people, places and things.

Categories of Nouns:

Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns (or non-count nouns), which name something that can’t be counted (water, air, energy, blood)

•     He got into trouble. (non-count)

•     He had many troubles. (countable)

•     Experience (non-count) is the best teacher.

•     We had many exciting experiences (countable) in college.

Pronoun:

Definition:

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. For example, you could say “Lisa is a nice girl.”
Then you could replace the noun “Lisa” with the word “She” and get the following sentence: “She is a nice girl.”
“She” is a pronoun.
Examples:
I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.

Example sentences:

• He doesn’t want go with them.

• Would they help us?

• His house is bigger than ours.

• Who is she?

The word “pronoun” comes from “pro” (in the meaning of “substitute”) + “noun.”

Adjective:

Definition:

Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

Examples:
Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.

Example sentences:

• the tall professor
• the lugubrious lieutenant
• a solid commitment
• a month’s pay
• a six-year-old child
• the unhappiest, richest man

The word “adjective” comes from the Latin word jacere, which means “to throw.”

Verb:

Definition:

Verbs carry the idea of being or action in the sentence. The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb or compound verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and express actions, events, or states of being. The verb or compound verb is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence.

Examples:
Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences:

We had a nice lunch.
I think that he is right.
He drove for hours.

The word “verb” comes for the Latin word verbum, which means “word.”

Adverb:

Definition:

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as “how,” “when,” “where,” “how much”.
Adverbs usually answer the following questions:
Where? Home. (“I went home.“)
When? Yesterday. (“We met yesterday.”)
How? Slowly. (“The turtle moves slowly.”)
How often? Sometimes. (“Sometimes it stops responding.”)
How long? Temporally. (She stays with us temporally.”)
How likely? Surely. (Our team will surely win!”)
To what degree? Very. (“She was very pleased.”)

An adverb can describe a verb:
She runs quickly.

An adverb can describe an adjective:
She is so beautiful.

An adverb can describe another adverb:
She smokes very rarely.

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:
Naturally, you don’t have to come.

The word “adverb” comes for the Latin ad- (in addition) and verbum (word).

Preposition:

Definition:

A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.

Examples:
On, in, at, by, under, above, beside, to, out, from, for.

Example sentences:

I sat on the floor.
Let’s go into the house.
We will meet at four o’clock.
Have a look under the couch.
He went to school.
This letter is for you.

The word “preposition” comes from the Latin word praeponere (put before). So prepositions usually come before the noun/pronoun.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.
The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.
My brother is coming on Monday.
We’re having a party on the Fourth of July.
We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
She likes to jog in the morning.
It’s too cold in winter to run outside.
He started the job in 1971.
He’s going to quit in August.

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.

Prepositions of Movement: to

and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
They were driving to work together.
She’s going to the dentist’s office this morning.

Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
We’re moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project’s completion.

With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.

Prepositions of Time: for and since

We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She’s lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

We use since with a specific date or time.
He’s worked here since 1970.
She’s been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

Conjunctions:

Definition:

Some words are satisfied spending an evening at home, alone, eating ice-cream right out of the box, watching Seinfeld re-runs on TV, or reading a good book. Others aren’t happy unless they’re out on the town, mixing it up with other words; they’re joiners and they just can’t help themselves. A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Examples:

And, but, or, because, so.

Example sentences:
I want to come, but I can’t.
She is smart and beautiful.
Would you like a cat or a dog?
He didn’t pass the test because he didn’t understand the subject.
We were hungry, so we ordered pizza.

The word “conjunction” comes from the Latin word conjungere (join together).

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.

AND

To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: “Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response.”
To suggest that one idea is the result of another: “Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house.”
To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): “Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.
To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): “Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight.”
To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): “Use your credit cards frequently and you’ll soon find yourself deep in debt.” top
To suggest a kind of “comment” on the first clause: “Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him.”

BUT

To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: “Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably.”
To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): “The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor.”
To connect two ideas with the meaning of “with the exception of” (and then the second word takes over as subject): “Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team.”

OR

To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: “You can study hard for this exam or you can fail.”
To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: “We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.
To suggest a refinement of the first clause: “Smith College is the premier all-women’s college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae.”
To suggest a restatement or “correction” of the first part of the sentence: “There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us.”
To suggest a negative condition: “The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim “Live free or die.” top
To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): “They must approve his political style or they wouldn’t keep electing him mayor.”

Interjection:

Definition:

An interjection is a short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker’s emotion. You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation mark. Interjections are uncommon in formal academic prose, except in direct quotations.

Examples:
Oh! Look out! Ow! Hey! Wow! Ah! Um…

Example sentences:

Wow, that’s amazing!
Ah, that was a good meal.
Um… I’m not sure what to say.
Oh dear! What happened?
Hello! How are you doing?
Well, that’s an option too.

The word “interjection” comes from the Latin word interjicere (throw between).
Articles:

Definition:

The three articles — a, an, the — are a kind of adjective. The is called the definite article because it usually precedes a specific or previously mentioned noun; a and an are called indefinite articles because they are used to refer to something in a less specific manner (an unspecified count noun). These words are also listed among the noun markers or determiners because they are almost invariably followed by a noun (or something else acting as a noun).

We can refer to something in a generic way by cautionusing any of the three articles. We can do the same thing by omitting the article altogether.

English Parts of Speech
Summary Table

Part of Speech	Explanation	Examples
Nouns	A word that names a person, a place or a thing	Boy, Sam, cat, Paris
Pronouns	A word that is used instead of a noun	He, my, yourself
Adjectives	A word that describes a person or thing	pretty, easy, fat
Verbs	A word or group of words that express an action or a state	go, jump, be, think
Adverbs	A word that describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or even the entire sentence	quickly, tomorrow, outside
Prepositions	A word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to connect it to another word in the sentence. It is usually used to show location, direction, time, and so forth.	on, in, to, from, of
Conjunctions	A word that joins parts of a sentence together	and, or, but
Interjections	A short sound, word or phrase used to express the speaker’s emotion.	Wow, hmm, well, oh dear

“Grammar” means the study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences, grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the “rules” of a language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word “rules”, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call “grammar” is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time.

Grammar is the structural foundation of our ability to express ourselves. The more we are aware of how it works, the more we can monitor the meaning and effectiveness of the way we and others use language. It can help foster precision, detect ambiguity, and exploit the richness of expression available in English. Two different kinds of grammar are used.Descriptive grammar (definition #1) refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar (definition #2) refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be used.

Grammar is one of the most essential things you should know when you learn to write proper English. It deals with the forms and structures of words and sentences. You should know the proper usage of such words. The best way to learn English grammar is not by using the dictionary but by using English grammar books.  Good writers not only rely on themselves, when it comes to write good copy, abstracts, documents, letters or even books. They rely on supportive tools, like advanced (NLP)  Natural language processing grammar checkers.

 Use of  “the” in English Grammar:

Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the boy, the woman, the children

‘The’ is used:

1. to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

Example: An elephant and a mouse fell in love.

The mouse loved the elephant’s long trunk,

and the elephant loved the mouse’s tiny nose.

2. when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has not been mentioned before.

Example: ‘Where’s the bathroom?’

‘It’s on the first floor.’

3. in sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object:

Examples: The man who wrote this book is famous.

‘Which car did you scratch?’ ‘The red one.

My house is the one with a blue door.’

4. to refer to objects we regard as unique:

Examples: the sun, the moon, the world

5. before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see Adjectives)

Examples: the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.

6. with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:

Examples: the Japanese (see Nouns – Nationalities), the old

7. with names of geographical areas and oceans:

Examples: the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic

8. with decades, or groups of years:

Example: she grew up in the seventies

We do not use the with:

Television:

• I watch television a lot.
• what’s on television tonight?

•  but   can you turn off the television? (=the TV set)

We do not use the with:

Places ( continents, countries, states, islands, towns etc.)

• France is a very large country. (not the France)
• Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
• Peru is in  South America.

But we use the in names with republic/ states/ kingdom:

THE      the Republic of Ireland ( or the Irish Republic)

the United States of America (the USA)      the United Kingdom (the UK)

 

 

Health means continuing physical, mental and social ability within an environment. The word health drives from English word helthe which means hale hearty having sound health. Good health is gift of God. A person sometimes looks healthy but has a cold or mentally ill and other appears physically good but have a serious condition (e.g. cancer) which is detectable only by physical examination or test.

Some modern measure indicate an accurate understanding of the causal mechanisms of disease. Now a day Modern medical practice and public health organizations are concerned about the health of individuals and the whole Population. Health in this sense is hard to describe or define, but its absence is promptly  recognizable.

Achieving health, and remaining healthy, is a dynamic process. Natural health is based on prevention, and  keeping on our bodies and minds in good form. Health lies in balancing these aspects within the body through consistent diet, exercise, and regulation of the emotions. The end of these is too often ignored when health advice is Distributed, but can have a pronounced impact  on physical well being.

Modern approaches to health education and health advancement make use of the Health Belief Model along with various other theoretical concepts to predict health-related behavior. These are based on assumptions derived from experiment of how people perceive their health and their understanding of what has to be done to preserve and protect their own health, or that of their children.